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🇩🇪 Germany

That letter from your landlord?
Let’s decode it.

Nebenkostenabrechnung, Mieterhöhung, Kündigung. German tenancy law is unusually tenant-friendly — but only if you notice the deadline in time.

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Background

Why landlord letters have deadlines too

German tenancy law gives tenants strong rights, and nearly all of them are tied to a date. A service charge settlement that arrives too late generally cannot be collected. A rent increase needs your agreement, not just an announcement. A termination is only valid if the legal reason is stated in the letter itself. The rules sit in the BGB — the letter almost never explains them.

Common Letter Types

What’s in your envelope?

Betriebskostenabrechnung

Your annual service charge settlement: heating, water, rubbish, caretaker. Your landlord must send it within 12 months of the end of the billing period — after that a back-payment demand is generally unenforceable. You then have 12 months to raise objections.

Mieterhöhung

A request that you agree to a higher rent, up to the local reference rent. It must be justified with a rent index, comparable flats or an expert report, and you have until the end of the second month after receipt to react.

Kündigung

A termination. A landlord needs a legal reason stated in the letter, usually Eigenbedarf. Notice periods run three, six or nine months depending on how long you have lived there, and you can object in hardship cases (§ 574 BGB).

Modernisierungsankündigung

Planned works, announced at least three months ahead, together with the rent increase to follow. You may be able to claim hardship, and rent can often be reduced while the work disrupts the flat.

Mahnung wegen Mietrückstand

Rent arrears — the one to act on immediately. Two months of unpaid rent can justify termination without notice, though full payment within two months of a court claim can still undo it.

Eight hundred euros extra — for what exactly?

Fourteen line items, a distribution key you have never seen before, and a figure at the bottom that ruins the month. Most tenants simply pay. A meaningful share of these statements contains items that may not be passed on to tenants at all — but finding them means reading German accounting language line by line.

xPlainly explains what your letter says. It is not legal advice. A local tenants’ association (Mieterverein) will check a service charge statement or a termination properly, usually for a modest annual membership.

FAQ

Common questions

How long does my landlord have to send the service charge bill?+
Twelve months after the end of the billing period (§ 556 BGB). If it arrives later, the landlord generally cannot demand a back-payment — but a credit in your favour still has to be paid out to you.
How long do I have to object to a Nebenkostenabrechnung?+
Twelve months from receiving it. You also have the right to inspect the original invoices — ask in writing, and still object within the deadline even if the inspection has not happened yet.
Do I have to accept a rent increase?+
A Mieterhöhung under § 558 BGB is a request for your agreement, not a unilateral change. It has to be properly justified, the rent cannot rise by more than 20 % in three years (15 % in many tight markets), and you have until the end of the second month after receipt to respond.
Can xPlainly check my landlord’s letter?+
It explains what the letter demands, which deadline applies to you and what the next step would be — in plain English or 25 other languages. For a line-by-line legal check of a service charge statement, a Mieterverein is the right address.
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